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Even in small amounts, vitamin C can protect indispensable molecules in the body, such as proteins, lipids (fats), carbohydrates, and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), from damage by free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are generated during normal metabolism, by active immune cells, and through exposure to toxins and pollutants (e.g., certain chemotherapy drugs and cigarette smoke). Harding AH, Wareham NJ, Bingham SA, et al. 2013;5(11):4284-4304. Vitamin C also prevented the rise of Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) and Acute Physiologic Assessment and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II scoresused to assess severity of illness and risk of mortalityobserved in placebo-treated patients (154). 2010;91(2):487-493. (PubMed), 149. You may not copy, modify, distribute, display, transmit, perform, publish or sell any of the copyrightable material on this website. J Urol. Intakes of vitamins A, C, and E and use of multiple vitamin supplements and risk of colon cancer: a pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies. Kuiper C, Molenaar IG, Dachs GU, Currie MJ, Sykes PH, Vissers MC. Regular supplementation with vitamin C (0.25 to 2 g/day) did not reduce the incidence of colds in the general population (23 trials); however, in participants undergoing heavy physical stress (e.g., marathon runners, skiers, or soldiers in subarctic conditions), vitamin C supplementation halved the incidence of colds (5 trials). Few studies have measured vitamin C concentration in the CSF, which more closely reflects the vitamin C status of the brain. Relation between plasma ascorbic acid and mortality in men and women in EPIC-Norfolk prospective study: a prospective population study. 2007;10(2):75-83. Oregon State University, Updated in September 2009 by: 1996;93(8):3704-3709. In addition, hypovitaminosis C is common in critically ill patients, especially in those with septic shock, and persists despite enteral/parenteral nutritional therapy providing recommended amounts of vitamin C (152). Giana Angelo, Ph.D. (PubMed), 129. Buijsse B, Jacobs DR, Jr., Steffen LM, Kromhout D, Gross MD. J Natl Cancer Inst. Arch Intern Med. Heart Disease Vitamin C and Linus Pauling by Jeffrey Dach MD (PubMed), 207. 2013(10):Cd010391. (PubMed), 206. J Biol Chem. (PubMed), 75. Lassnigg A, Punz A, Barker R, et al. (PubMed), 162. 2001;21(3):235-237. 2013;177(6):548-555. (PubMed), 55. The MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study: preliminary results. . Int J Surg. Supplemental Forms | Linus Pauling Institute | Oregon State University 66 auditorium with a talk on Vitamin C and Heart Disease. San Francisco: W.H. (PubMed), 110. Linus Pauling recommended at least 3000mg of vitamin C per day as a preventive dose, and significantly higher levels of both vitamin C and lysine for the treatment of existing heart disease. 2016;8(6). (PubMed), 152. 1998;43(3):322-326. Nutr Rev. Serum vitamin C and the prevalence of vitamin C deficiency in the United States: 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). (PubMed), 120. Therefore, as in many studies of vitamin C intake and chronic disease risk, it is difficult to separate the effects of vitamin C from the effects of other components of fruit and vegetables. Lykkesfeldt J, Poulsen HE. Donin AS, Dent JE, Nightingale CM, et al. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. These, together with a general anti-oxidant recommendation which included vitamin A and E, were his specific recommendation for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. The Therapy: Vitamin C, Lysine and Proline The form of vitamin C recommended by Dr. Linus Pauling is pure pharmaceutical grade ascorbic acid: - Not buffered. 2012;52(9):815-829. 1999;10(4):840-845. (PubMed), 47. Am J Clin Nutr. Higher doses (>500 mg) result in fractionally less vitamin C being absorbed as the dose increases. Kook SY, Lee KM, Kim Y, et al. 2005;4:5. To get the best results here, I recommend Cardio-C from the Vitamin C Foundation. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. Alberts B, Bray D, Lewis J, Raff M. Differentiated cells and the maintenance of tissues. It is important for individuals with significantly elevated blood pressure not to rely on vitamin C supplementation alone to reduce their hypertension. The tendency to exhibit elevated blood uric acid concentrations and develop gout is often inherited; however, dietary and lifestyle modification may be helpful in both the prevention and treatment of gout (116). 2018;148(3):419-426. Sodium ascorbate and calcium ascorbate are the most common forms, although a number of other mineral ascorbates are available. 2010;119(3):753-765. Total calcium intake should not exceed the UL, which is 2,500 mg . Early Hum Dev. Basically, it's high Vitamin C doses, accompanied by high L-Lysine, L-Proline. (PubMed). Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a weakened blood vessel ruptures and bleeds into the surrounding brain tissue. Fruit and vegetable intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Nutr. Bowman GL, Dodge H, Frei B, et al. 2008;19(11):1969-1974. There is no scientific evidence that large amounts of vitamin C (up to 10 grams [g]/day in adults) exert any adverse or toxic effects. Block G, Jensen CD, Norkus EP, Hudes M, Crawford PB. Sisto T, Paajanen H, Metsa-Ketela T, Harmoinen A, Nordback I, Tarkka M. Pretreatment with antioxidants and allopurinol diminishes cardiac onset events in coronary artery bypass grafting. Although only a minority of trials delivered vitamin C intravenously, this administration route appeared to be more effective at reducing the risk of atrial fibrillationpresumably due to higher plasma concentrations achieved (140). By the late 1700s, the British navy was aware that scurvy could be cured by eating oranges or lemons, even though vitamin C would not be isolated until the early 1930s. 2012;64(2):245-254. Dr. Pauling significantly increased his recommendation in his 1986 book How To Live Longer and Feel Better. Without collagen to repair the inevitable damage from mechanical and oxidative stress, your blood vessels grow weaker and weaker, and you eventually die from scurvy. In response to invading microorganisms, phagocytic leukocytes release non-specific toxins, such as superoxide radicals, hypochlorous acid ("bleach"), and peroxynitrite; these reactive oxygen species kill pathogens and, in the process, can damage the leukocytes themselves (15). 2018;20(2):145-166. In particular, a specific allele of the haptoglobin gene (Hp), namely Hp2, appears to be associated with an increased risk of diabetic vascular complications. Gut. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is a transient narrowing of the airways that occurs after exercise and is indicated by a 10% decline in Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1). In most trials, participants received 2 g of vitamin C prior to undergoing CABG or valve replacement surgery and 1 to 2 g/day for five days post-surgery. (PubMed), 101. Linus Pauling Heart Disease Prevention with Vitamin C Human genetic variation influences vitamin C homeostasis by altering vitamin C transport and antioxidant enzyme function. Increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) when the heart muscle's oxygen supply is restored might be an important contributor to myocardial damage occurring at reperfusion (133).